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صفحهٔ اصلی / Is the Art of the Covenant Hidden on the Temple Mount

Is the Art of the Covenant Hidden on the Temple Mount

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In Biblical accounts, the chest containing the two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments

Moses and Joshua bowing before the Ark (c. 1900) by James Tissot

The Ark of the Covenant (Hebrew: אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית ʾĂrōn haBrīṯ ; Koinē Greek: Κιβωτὸς τῆς Διαθήκης, romanized: Kibōtòs tês Diathḗkēs , Ge'ez: ታቦት tābōt , likewise known as the Ark of the Testimony, or the Ark of God)[1] [2] is the most sacred relic of the Israelites. It consisted of a pure aureate-covered wooden chest with an elaborate lid called the Mercy seat. The Ark is described in the Book of Exodus as containing the two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments. Co-ordinate to New Testament Book of Hebrews, it also contained Aaron's rod and a pot of manna.[iii]

The biblical account relates that, approximately one twelvemonth after the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, the Ark was created according to the blueprint given to Moses by God when the Israelites were encamped at the foot of Mount Sinai. Thereafter, the gold-plated acacia breast was carried by its staves by the Levites approximately 2,000 cubits (approximately 800 meters or 2,600 feet) in advance of the people when on the march or earlier the Israelite army, the host of fighting men.[4] God spoke with Moses "from betwixt the two cherubim" on the Ark's embrace.[v]

Biblical account [edit]

The covered ark and seven priests with rams' horns, at the Battle of Jericho, in an 18th-century creative person's delineation.

Construction and description [edit]

According to the Volume of Exodus, God instructed Moses to build the Ark during his 40-24-hour interval stay upon Mountain Sinai.[6] [7] He was shown the blueprint for the tabernacle and furnishings of the Ark, and told that information technology would be made of shittim wood (likewise known as acacia wood)[eight] to house the Tablets of Rock.[9] Moses instructed Bezalel and Aholiab to construct the Ark.[10] [11] [12]

The Book of Exodus gives detailed instructions on how the Ark is to be constructed.[13] It is to be two 1⁄2 cubits in length, i 1⁄2 in breadth, and 1 1⁄ii in height (approximately 131×79×79 cm or 52×31×31 in) of acacia wood. Then it is to exist gilt entirely with gold, and a crown or molding of aureate is to be put around it. Four rings of gilded are to exist attached to its four corners, two on each side—and through these rings staves of shittim wood overlaid with gold for conveying the Ark are to be inserted; and these are not to exist removed.[14] A golden hat, the kapporet (translated as "mercy seat" or "comprehend"), which is ornamented with two golden cherubim, is to be placed above the Ark. Missing from the account are instructions apropos the thickness of the mercy seat and details well-nigh the cherubim other than that the cover be browbeaten out the ends of the Ark and that they form the space where God will appear. The Ark is finally to be placed nether a veil to conceal it.

Mobile vanguard [edit]

Joshua passing the River Hashemite kingdom of jordan with the Ark of the Covenant by Benjamin W, 1800

The biblical account continues that, afterward its creation by Moses, the Ark was carried by the Israelites during their 40 years of wandering in the desert. Whenever the Israelites camped, the Ark was placed in a separate room in a sacred tent, called the Tabernacle.

When the Israelites, led by Joshua toward the Promised Land, arrived at the banks of the River Jordan, the Ark was carried in the lead, preceding the people, and was the indicate for their accelerate.[15] [xvi] During the crossing, the river grew dry out every bit soon as the feet of the priests carrying the Ark touched its waters, and remained and then until the priests—with the Ark—left the river after the people had passed over.[17] [18] [19] [twenty] As memorials, twelve stones were taken from the Hashemite kingdom of jordan at the identify where the priests had stood.[21]

During the Boxing of Jericho, the Ark was carried around the city in one case a day for half-dozen days, preceded past the armed men and seven priests sounding 7 trumpets of rams' horns.[22] On the seventh solar day, the seven priests sounding the seven trumpets of rams' horns earlier the Ark compassed the city seven times and, with a great shout, Jericho'south wall fell down flat and the people took the city.[23]

After the defeat at Ai, Joshua lamented earlier the Ark.[24] When Joshua read the Police force to the people betwixt Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, they stood on each side of the Ark. We next hear of the Ark in Bethel,[a] where it was being cared for by the priest Phinehas, the grandson of Aaron.[25] According to this verse, it was consulted by the people of Israel when they were planning to set on the Benjaminites at the Battle of Gibeah. Later the Ark was kept at Shiloh, some other religious centre some 16 km (ten mi) north of Bethel, at the fourth dimension of the prophet Samuel's apprenticeship,[26] where it was cared for by Hophni and Phinehas, two sons of Eli.[27]

Capture by the Philistines [edit]

1728 illustration of the Ark at the erection of the Tabernacle and the sacred vessels, equally in Exodus forty:17-19

According to the biblical narrative, a few years later the elders of Israel decided to take the Ark out onto the battlefield to assistance them against the Philistines, having recently been defeated at the battle of Eben-Ezer.[28] They were again heavily defeated, with the loss of 30,000 men. The Ark was captured by the Philistines and Hophni and Phinehas were killed. The news of its capture was at once taken to Shiloh by a messenger "with his clothes rent, and with world upon his head". The one-time priest, Eli, fell dead when he heard it; and his girl-in-law, bearing a son at the fourth dimension the news of the Ark'southward capture was received, named him Ichabod—explained every bit "The glory has departed Israel" in reference to the loss of the Ark.[29] Ichabod's mother died at his birth.[30]

The Philistines took the Ark to several places in their country, and at each place misfortune befell them.[31] At Ashdod it was placed in the temple of Dagon. The next morning time Dagon was found prostrate, bowed down, before it; and on being restored to his place, he was on the following morning again found prostrate and broken. The people of Ashdod were smitten with tumors; a plague of rodents was sent over the land. This may have been the bubonic plague.[32] [33] [34] The disease of tumours was also visited upon the people of Gath and of Ekron, whither the Ark was successively removed.[35]

Return of the Ark to the Israelites [edit]

After the Ark had been among them for 7 months, the Philistines, on the advice of their diviners, returned it to the Israelites, accompanying its return with an offering consisting of gold images of the tumors and mice wherewith they had been afflicted. The Ark was ready upwards in the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite, and the Beth-shemites offered sacrifices and burnt offerings.[36] Out of curiosity the men of Beth-shemesh gazed at the Ark; and equally a punishment, seventy of them (fifty thousand and seventy in some translations) were smitten past the Lord.[37] The Bethshemites sent to Kirjath-jearim, or Baal-Judah, to have the Ark removed;[38] and it was taken to the house of Abinadab, whose son Eleazar was sanctified to go along information technology. Kirjath-jearim remained the abode of the Ark for twenty years.[39] Nether Saul, the Ark was with the army earlier he first met the Philistines, merely the king was besides impatient to consult it before engaging in boxing. In one Chronicles 13:3 it is stated that the people were not accustomed to consulting the Ark in the days of Saul.[forty]

In the days of King David [edit]

Illustration from the 13th-century Morgan Bible of David bringing the Ark into Jerusalem (2 Samuel 6)

In the biblical narrative, at the beginning of his reign over the United Monarchy, King David removed the Ark from Kirjath-jearim amid corking rejoicing. On the way to Zion, Uzzah, 1 of the drivers of the cart that carried the Ark, put out his paw to steady the Ark, and was struck dead past God for touching it. The place was later named "Perez-Uzzah", literally "Outburst Against Uzzah",[41] as a consequence. David, in fear, carried the Ark aside into the house of Obed-edom the Gittite, instead of carrying it on to Zion, and information technology stayed there for iii months.[42] [43]

On hearing that God had blessed Obed-edom because of the presence of the Ark in his house, David had the Ark brought to Zion by the Levites, while he himself, "girded with a linen ephod ... danced before the Lord with all his might" and in the sight of all the public gathered in Jerusalem, a performance which caused him to be scornfully rebuked by his offset married woman, Saul'southward daughter Michal.[44] [45] [46] In Zion, David put the Ark in the tent he had prepared for it, offered sacrifices, distributed food, and blest the people and his own household.[47] [48] [49] David used the tent equally a personal identify of prayer.[50] [51]

The Levites were appointed to minister earlier the Ark.[52] David's program of edifice a temple for the Ark was stopped on the advice of the prophet Nathan.[53] [54] [55] [56] The Ark was with the regular army during the siege of Rabbah;[57] and when David fled from Jerusalem at the time of Absalom's conspiracy, the Ark was carried along with him until he ordered Zadok the priest to return it to Jerusalem.[58]

David gave his son Solomon the plans for edifice the Temple. He designated the weight of the gold and silver to be used in building and furnishing the inner sanctuary.[59] [60] According to the historian Flavius Josephus, 300 talents (about eight tons) of gold were dedicated by David for Solomon's utilize in the inner sanctuary.[61]

The Copper Whorl (actually fabricated of statuary), found in a Dead Sea cave in 1952, lists 300 talents of gilt as being subconscious hush-hush on the west side of a pool in the "valley of purity."[62]

In Solomon's Temple [edit]

According to the Biblical narrative, when Abiathar was dismissed from the priesthood by King Solomon for having taken function in Adonijah's conspiracy against David, his life was spared because he had formerly borne the Ark.[63] Solomon worshipped before the Ark afterwards his dream in which God promised him wisdom.[64]

During the structure of Solomon's Temple, a special inner room, named Kodesh Hakodashim (Eng. Holy of Holies), was prepared to receive and house the Ark;[65] and when the Temple was defended, the Ark—containing the original tablets of the 10 Commandments—was placed therein.[66] When the priests emerged from the holy place later on placing the Ark there, the Temple was filled with a cloud, "for the celebrity of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord".[67] [68] [69]

When Solomon married Pharaoh's daughter, he acquired her to dwell in a firm outside Zion, as Zion was consecrated considering it contained the Ark.[70] King Josiah also had the Ark returned to the Temple,[71] from which it appears to have been removed past i of his predecessors (cf. ii Chron. 33-34 and two Kings 21–23).

In the days of Male monarch Hezekiah [edit]

Rex Hezekiah is the last biblical figure mentioned as having seen the Ark.[72] [73] Hezekiah is besides known for protecting Jerusalem against the Assyrian Empire by improving the city walls and diverting the waters of the Gihon Spring through a tunnel known today as Hezekiah's Tunnel, which channeled the h2o inside the city walls to the Puddle of Siloam.[74]

In a noncanonical text known equally the Treatise of the Vessels, Hezekiah is identified every bit one of the kings who had the Ark and the other treasures of Solomon'southward Temple hidden during a time of crunch. This text lists the following hiding places, which it says were recorded on a bronze tablet: (one) a spring named Kohel or Kahal with pure water in a valley with a stopped-up gate; (two) a spring named Kotel (or "wall" in Hebrew); (3) a spring named Zedekiah; (4) an unidentified cistern; (five) Mount Carmel; and (6) locations in Babylon.[75]

To many scholars, Hezekiah is also credited as having written all or some of the Volume of Kohelet (Ecclesiastes in the Christian tradition), in particular the famously enigmatic epilogue.[76] Notably, the epilogue appears to refer to the Ark story with references to almond blossoms (i.east., Aaron'southward rod), locusts, silver, and gold. The epilogue and then cryptically refers to a pitcher cleaved at a fountain and a wheel broken at a cistern.[77]

Although scholars disagree on whether the Pool of Siloam'southward pure jump waters were used past pilgrims for ritual purification, many scholars agree that a stepped pilgrimage road between the pool and the Temple had been built in the start century CE.[78] This roadway has been partially excavated, but the due west side of the Pool of Siloam remains unexcavated.[79]

The Babylonian Conquest and backwash [edit]

In 587 BC, the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and Solomon'due south Temple. There is no record of what became of the Ark in the Books of Kings and Chronicles. An ancient Greek version of the biblical third Volume of Ezra, 1 Esdras, suggests that Babylonians took away the vessels of the ark of God, merely does not mention taking away the Ark:[80]

And they took all the holy vessels of the Lord, both great and minor, with the vessels of the ark of God, and the king's treasures, and carried them away into Babylon

In Rabbinic literature, the concluding disposition of the Ark is disputed. Some rabbis concur that it must have been carried off to Babylon, while others hold that information technology must have been hidden lest it be carried off into Babylon and never brought back.[81] A late 2nd-century rabbinic work known as the Tosefta states the opinions of these rabbis that Josiah, the male monarch of Judah, stored away the Ark, forth with the jar of manna, and a jar containing the holy anointing oil, the rod of Aaron which budded and a chest given to Israel by the Philistines.[82] This was said to accept been washed in gild to foreclose their existence carried off into Babylon as had already happened to the other vessels. Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Shimon, in the aforementioned rabbinic piece of work, state that the Ark was, in fact, taken into Babylon. Rabbi Yehudah, dissenting, says that the Ark was stored away in its own identify, meaning somewhere on the Temple Mount.

Service of the Kohathites [edit]

The Kohathites were ane of the Levite houses from the Book of Numbers. Theirs was the responsibility to care for "the almost holy things" in the tabernacle. When the camp, then wandering the Wilderness, set out the Kohathites would enter the tabernacle with Aaron and cover the ark with the screening curtain and "and so they shall put on it a covering of fine leather, and spread over that a cloth all of blue, and shall put its poles in place." The ark was 1 of the items of the tent of meeting that the Kohathites were responsible for conveying.[83]

Archaeology [edit]

Archaeological prove shows strong cultic activity at Kiriath-Jearim in the 8th and seventh centuries BC, well afterward the ark was supposedly removed from there to Jerusalem. In particular, archaeologists found a large elevated podium, associated with the Northern Kingdom and not the Southern Kingdom, which may take been a shrine.[ citation needed ] Thomas Römer suggests that this may bespeak that the ark was not moved to Jerusalem until much after, possibly during the reign of King Josiah. He notes that this might explain why the ark featured prominently in the history before Solomon, but not later on. Additionally, two Chronicles 35:3[84] indicates that it was moved during Rex Josiah's reign.[85]

Some scholars believe the story of the Ark was written independently effectually the 8th century in a text referred to as the "Ark Narrative" and then incorporated into the main biblical narrative just earlier the Babylonian exile.[86]

Römer also suggests that the ark may accept originally carried sacred stones "of the kind found in the chests of pre-Islamic Bedouins" and speculates that these may have been either a statue of Yahweh or a pair of statues depicting both Yahweh and his companion goddess Asherah.[87] In contrast, Scott Noegel has argued that the parallels betwixt the ark and these practices "remain unconvincing" in part considering the Bedouin objects lack the ark'south distinctive structure, function, and mode of transportation. Specifically, unlike the ark, the Bedouin chests "contained no box, no hat, and no poles," they did non serve as the throne or footstool of a god, they were non overlaid with gold, did non take kerubim figures upon them, there were no restrictions on who could impact them, and they were transported on horses or camels. Noegel suggests that the aboriginal Egyptian bawl is a more than plausible model for the Israelite ark, since Egyptian barks had all the features just mentioned. Noegel adds that the Egyptians too were known to place written covenants beneath the feet of statues, proving a further parallel to the placement of the covenental tablets within the ark.[88]

References in Abrahamic religions [edit]

Tanakh [edit]

The Ark is starting time mentioned in the Book of Exodus and then numerous times in Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, I Samuel, II Samuel, I Kings, I Chronicles, Two Chronicles, Psalms, and Jeremiah.

In the Book of Jeremiah, it is referenced by Jeremiah, who, speaking in the days of Josiah,[89] prophesied a future time, mayhap the stop of days, when the Ark volition no longer be talked well-nigh or be made use of once again:

And information technology shall be that when you multiply and become fruitful in the state, in those days—the discussion of the LORD—they will no longer say, 'The Ark of the Covenant of the LORD' and it will not come to mind; they will non mention it, and will not recall it, and it will not exist used any more.

Rashi comments on this verse that "The entire people will be so imbued with the spirit of sanctity that God's Presence will rest upon them collectively, as if the congregation itself was the Ark of the Covenant."[90]

Second Book of Maccabees [edit]

According to 2d Maccabees, at the showtime of chapter 2:[91]

The records evidence that information technology was the prophet Jeremiah who ... prompted by a divine message ... gave orders that the Tent of Meeting and the ark should go with him. Then he went away to the mountain from the top of which Moses saw God'due south promised land. When he reached the mountain, Jeremiah establish a cavern-domicile; he carried the tent, the ark, and the incense-altar into it, and then blocked up the archway. Some of his companions came to mark out the manner, simply were unable to observe it. When Jeremiah learnt of this he reprimanded them. "The place shall remain unknown", he said, "until God finally gathers his people together and shows mercy to them. The Lord will bring these things to light again, and the glory of the Lord will announced with the cloud, equally it was seen both in the time of Moses and when Solomon prayed that the shrine might be worthily consecrated."

The "mount from the tiptop of which Moses saw God's promised land" would be Mountain Nebo, located in what is now Jordan.

New Testament [edit]

In the New Testament, the Ark is mentioned in the Letter to the Hebrews and the Revelation to St. John. Hebrews ix:iv states that the Ark contained "the gold pot that had manna, and Aaron'due south rod that budded, and the tablets of the covenant."[92] Revelation 11:19 says the prophet saw God'south temple in heaven opened, "and the ark of his covenant was seen within his temple."[93]

The contents of the ark are seen by theologians such every bit the Church Fathers and Thomas Aquinas equally personified past Jesus Christ: the manna as the Holy Eucharist; Aaron's rod equally Jesus' eternal priestly authorisation; and the tablets of the Police, as the Lawgiver himself.[94] [95]

Catholic scholars connect this verse with the Woman of the Apocalypse in Revelation 12:ane, which immediately follows, and say that the Blessed Virgin Mary is identified every bit the "Ark of the New Covenant."[96] [97] Carrying the saviour of flesh within her, she herself became the Holy of Holies. This is the estimation given in the third century by Gregory Thaumaturgus, and in the quaternary century by Saint Ambrose, Saint Ephraem of Syria and Saint Augustine.[98] The Catholic Church teaches this in the Canon of the Cosmic Church: "Mary, in whom the Lord himself has just fabricated his dwelling, is the daughter of Zion in person, the Ark of the Covenant, the place where the glory of the Lord dwells. She is 'the abode of God . . . with men."[99]

In the Gospel of Luke, the author's accounts of the Annunciation and Visitation are synthetic using eight points of literary parallelism to compare Mary to the Ark.[96] [100]

Saint Athanasius, the bishop of Alexandria, is credited with writing about the connections between the Ark and the Virgin Mary: "O noble Virgin, truly y'all are greater than whatsoever other greatness. For who is your equal in greatness, O dwelling place of God the Word? To whom among all creatures shall I compare you, O Virgin? You lot are greater than them all O (Ark of the) Covenant, clothed with purity instead of aureate! You are the Ark in which is found the golden vessel containing the true manna, that is, the flesh in which Divinity resides" (Homily of the Papyrus of Turin).[96]

The Ark in Islamic sources [edit]

Chapter 2 (Sura 2) of the Quran (Verse 248), is believed to refer to the Ark:

And their prophet said to them, "Indeed, a sign of his kingship is that the chest ( 'tābūt' ) will come to you in which is balls ( 'sakīnatun' ) from your Lord and a remnant of what the family of Moses ( 'Mūsā' ) and the family of Aaron ( 'Hārūn' ) had left, carried past the angels. Indeed in that is a sign for you, if you are believers."[101] [102]

The Arabic word sakīna (variously translated "peace of reassurance" or "spirit of quiet") is related to the post-Biblical Hebrew shekhinah , meaning "dwelling or presence of God".

The Islamic scholar Al Baidawi mentioned that the sakina could be Tawrat, the Books of Moses.[103] According to Al-Jalalan , the relics in the Ark were the fragments of the two tablets, rods, robes, shoes, mitre of Moses and the vase of manna.[103] Al-Tha'alibi , in Qisas Al-Anbiya (The Stories of the Prophets), has given an earlier and later history of the Ark.

Co-ordinate to Uri Rubin, the Ark of the Covenant has a religious ground in Islam, which gives it special significance.[104]

Whereabouts [edit]

Since its disappearance from the Biblical narrative, there have been a number of claims of having discovered or of having possession of the Ark, and several possible places take been suggested for its location.

Maccabees [edit]

2 Maccabees ii:iv-10, written around 100 BC, says that the prophet Jeremiah, "being warned by God" before the Babylonian invasion, took the Ark, the Tabernacle, and the Chantry of Incense, and buried them in a cave, informing those of his followers who wished to notice the place that information technology should remain unknown "until the time that God should gather His people once more together, and receive them unto mercy."[105]

Federal democratic republic of ethiopia [edit]

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church claims to possess the Ark of the Covenant in Axum. The Ark is currently kept nether baby-sit in a treasury near the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion. Replicas of the tablets inside the Ark, or Tabots, are kept in every Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and kept in its ain holy of holies, each with its own dedication to a item saint; the well-nigh popular of these include Saint Mary, Saint George and Saint Michael.[106] [107]

The Kebra Nagast is oft said to accept been composed to legitimise the Solomonic dynasty, which ruled the Ethiopian Empire following its establishment in 1270, but this is not the case. It was originally equanimous in some other language (Coptic or Greek), and then translated into Standard arabic, and translated into Ge'ez in 1321.[108] It narrates how the real Ark of the Covenant was brought to Ethiopia past Menelik I with divine assistance, while a forgery was left in the Temple in Jerusalem. Although the Kebra Nagast is the best-known account of this belief, information technology predates the document. Abu al-Makarim, writing in the concluding quarter of the twelfth century, makes one early on reference to this belief that they possessed the Ark. "The Abyssinians possess also the Ark of the Covenant", he wrote, and, after a description of the object, describes how the liturgy is celebrated upon the Ark 4 times a year, "on the feast of the great nascence, on the feast of the glorious Baptism, on the feast of the holy Resurrection, and on the banquet of the illuminating Cross."[109]

In his controversial and much attacked 1992 book The Sign and the Seal, British writer Graham Hancock reports on the Ethiopian belief that the ark spent several years in Egypt before it came to Ethiopia via the Nile River, where it was kept in the islands of Lake Tana for about four hundred years and finally taken to Axum.[110] (Archaeologist John Holladay of the Academy of Toronto called Hancock's theory "garbage and hogwash"; Edward Ullendorff, a former Professor of Ethiopian Studies at the University of London, said he "wasted a lot of fourth dimension reading information technology.") In a 1992 interview, Ullendorff says that he personally examined the ark held within the church in Axum in 1941 while a British Army officer. Describing the ark in that location, he says, "They have a wooden box, but information technology'south empty. Middle- to late-medieval construction, when these were made advertizing hoc."[111] [112]

On 25 June 2009, the patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Ethiopia, Abune Paulos, said he would announce to the globe the next day the unveiling of the Ark of the Covenant, which he said had been kept prophylactic and secure in a church in Axum, Federal democratic republic of ethiopia.[113] The following day, on 26 June 2009, the patriarch announced that he would not unveil the Ark later on all, but that instead he could attest to its current status.[114]

Southern Africa [edit]

The Lemba people of South Africa and Republic of zimbabwe have claimed that their ancestors carried the Ark southward, calling it the ngoma lungundu or "vocalisation of God", eventually hiding information technology in a deep cavern in the Dumghe mountains, their spiritual domicile.[115] [116]

On 14 April 2008, in a U.k. Channel iv documentary, Tudor Parfitt, taking a literalist approach to the Biblical story, described his research into this claim. He says that the object described by the Lemba has attributes like to the Ark. It was of similar size, was carried on poles by priests, was not immune to touch the ground, was revered as a voice of their God, and was used every bit a weapon of great power, sweeping enemies aside.[117]

In his volume The Lost Ark of the Covenant (2008), Parfitt also suggests that the Ark was taken to Arabia following the events depicted in the Second Book of Maccabees, and cites Arabic sources which maintain it was brought in afar times to Republic of yemen. Genetic Y-Deoxyribonucleic acid analyses in the 2000s have established a partially Middle-Eastern origin for a portion of the male Lemba population only no specific Jewish connexion.[118] Lemba tradition maintains that the Ark spent some time in a place called Sena, which might be Sena in Yemen. Later, it was taken across the sea to East Africa and may have been taken inland at the time of the Great Republic of zimbabwe civilization. According to their oral traditions, some time after the inflow of the Lemba with the Ark, it self-destructed. Using a core from the original, the Lemba priests synthetic a new one. This replica was discovered in a cave by a Swedish German missionary named Harald von Sicard in the 1940s and eventually institute its manner to the Museum of Man Scientific discipline in Harare.[116]

Europe [edit]

Chartres Cathedral, France [edit]

French author Louis Charpentier claimed in his 1966 book Les Mystères de la Cathédrale de Chartres that the Ark was taken to the Chartres Cathedral by the Knights Templar.[119] [120]

Rennes-le-Château, and then to the United States [edit]

1 author has theorised that the Ark was taken from Jerusalem to the hamlet of Rennes-le-Château in Southern French republic. Karen Ralls has cited Freemason Patrick Byrne, who believes the Ark was moved from Rennes-le-Château at the outbreak of World War I to the United States.[121]

Rome [edit]

The Ark of the Covenant was said to have been kept in the Basilica of St. John Lateran, surviving the pillages of Rome by Alaric I and Gaiseric but lost when the basilica burned.[122] [123]

"Rabbi Eliezer ben José stated that he saw in Rome the mercy-seat of the temple. There was a bloodstain on information technology. On inquiry he was told that it was a stain from the claret which the high priest sprinkled thereon on the Solar day of Atonement."[124]

Ireland [edit]

At the turn of the 20th century, British Israelites carried out some excavations of the Hill of Tara in Ireland looking for the Ark of the Covenant. The Royal Society of Antiquaries of Republic of ireland (RSAI) campaigned successfully to have them stopped before they destroyed the hill.[125]

In popular civilization [edit]

Philip Kaufman conceived of the Ark of the Covenant every bit the main plot device of Steven Spielberg's 1981 take a chance motion picture Raiders of the Lost Ark,[126] [127] where it is plant by Indiana Jones in the Egyptian city of Tanis in 1936.[128] [b] In early 2020, a prop version made for the flick (which does not actually appear onscreen) was featured on Antiques Roadshow.[129]

In the Danish family motion picture The Lost Treasure of the Knights Templar from 2006, the main role of the treasure institute in the end is the Ark of the Covenant. The power of the Ark comes from static electricity stored in separated metal plates like a giant Leyden jar.[130]

In Harry Turtledove'south novel Alpha and Omega (2019) the ark is constitute by archeologists, and the characters accept to bargain with the proven existence of God.[131]

Yom HaAliyah [edit]

Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day) (Hebrew: יום העלייה) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Country of Israel while carrying the Ark of the Covenant.[132] [133]

Come across too [edit]

  • Copper Scroll
  • List of artifacts in biblical archaeology
  • The Exodus Decoded (television documentary)
  • History of ancient State of israel and Judah
  • Jewish symbolism
  • Mikoshi, a portable Shinto shrine
  • Gihon Bound
  • Josephus
  • Mount Gerizim
  • Pool of Siloam
  • Samaritans
  • Siloam Tunnel
  • Solomon'south Temple

References [edit]

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Bethel" is translated equally "the House of God" in the King James Version.
  2. ^ The Ark is mentioned in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) and briefly appears in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008).

Citations

  1. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: i Chronicles sixteen-eighteen - New Living Translation". Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2019-06-02 .
  2. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: 1 Samuel three:3 - New International Version". Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2019-06-02 .
  3. ^ Ackerman, Susan (2000). "Ark of the Covenant". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. p. 102. ISBN9789053565032.
  4. ^ Joshua 3:4
  5. ^ Exodus 25:22
  6. ^ Exodus 19:20
  7. ^ Exodus 24:18
  8. ^ Exodus 25:10
  9. ^ Exodus 25:10
  10. ^ Exodus 31
  11. ^ Sigurd Grindheim, Introducing Biblical Theology, Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, 2013, p. 59
  12. ^ Joseph Ponessa, Laurie Watson Manhardt, Moses and The Torah: Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, pages 85-86 (Emmaus Road Publishing, 2007). ISBN 978-ane-931018-45-six
  13. ^ Exodus 25
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Further reading [edit]

  • Carew, Mairead, Tara and the Ark of the Covenant: A Search for the Ark of the Covenant past British Israelites on the Hill of Tara, 1899-1902. Royal Irish Academy, 2003. ISBN 0-9543855-two-7
  • Cline, Eric H. (2007), From Eden to Exile: Unravelling Mysteries of the Bible, National Geographic Society, ISBN 978-i-4262-0084-7
  • Fisher, Milton C., The Ark of the Covenant: Live and Well in Ethiopia?. Bible and Spade 8/three, pp. 65–72, 1995.
  • Foster, Charles, Tracking the Ark of the Covenant. Monarch, 2007.
  • Grierson, Roderick & Munro-Hay, Stuart, The Ark of the Covenant. Orion Books Ltd, 2000. ISBN 0-7538-1010-vii
  • Hancock, Graham, The Sign and the Seal: The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant. Touchstone Books, 1993. ISBN 0-671-86541-ii
  • Haran, M., The Disappearance of the Ark, IEJ xiii (1963), 46-58
  • Hertz, J.H., The Pentateuch and Haftoras. Deuteronomy. Oxford University Printing, 1936.
  • Hubbard, David (1956) The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast Ph.D. dissertation, St. Andrews Academy, Scotland
  • Munro-Hay, Stuart, The Quest For The Ark of The Covenant: The True History of The Tablets of Moses. Fifty. B. Tauris & Co Ltd., 2006. ISBN one-84511-248-two
  • Ritmeyer, L., The Ark of the Covenant: Where It Stood in Solomon's Temple. Biblical Archaeology Review 22/ane: 46–55, 70–73, 1996.
  • Stolz, Fritz. "Ark of the Covenant." In The Encyclopedia of Christianity, edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 125. Vol. 1. Thousand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999. ISBN 0802824137

External links [edit]

  • Portions of this commodity take been taken from the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906. Ark of the Covenant
  • The Cosmic Encyclopedia, Volume I. Ark of the Covenant
  • Smithsonian.com "Keepers of the Lost Ark?"'.
  • Shyovitz, David, The Lost Ark of the Covenant. Jewish Virtual Library.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant

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